1. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria”, February 01, 2012, https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/02/01/muslim-brotherhood-in-syria

2. Raphaël Lefèvre, The Muslim Brotherhood Prepares for a Comeback in Syria. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, 2013. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/ceip/0028223/index.html

3. Thomas Joscelyn, “Al Qaeda and allies announce ‘new entity’ in Syria”, Long War Journal, January 28, 2017. https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/liwa-al-haqq

4. Hassan Hassan, “Jabhat Al Nusra and Al Qaeda: The Riddle, the Ruse and the Reality,” The National, November 1, 2017. https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/hayat-tahrir-al- sham

5. Seth Jones et al., “Al Qaeda’s Struggling Campaign in Syria”, Washington, DC: CSIS, April 2018, https://www.csis.org/analysis/al-qaedas-struggling-campaign-syria

6. Charles Lister, “How al-Qa’ida Lost Control of its Syrian Affiliate: The Inside Story,” CTC Sentinel 11, issue 2, February 2018, https://ctc.usma.edu/al-qaida-lost-control-syrian-affiliate-inside- story/

7. Mapping Militant Organizations. “Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham.” Stanford University. Last modified June 2021. https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/hay’-tahrir-al-sham

8. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), TNT Terrorism Backgrounder, 2018, https://www.csis.org/programs/transnational-threats-project/past- projects/terrorism-backgrounders/hayat-tahrir-al-sham

9. Hosam al-Jablawi, “Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement: How a Once Moderate Group Joined Fateh al-Sham”, Atlantic Council, February 17, 2017, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/nour-al-din-al-zenki-movement-how-a-once- moderate-group-joined-fateh-al-sham/

10. Mapping Militant Organizations. “Jaysh al-Islam.” Stanford University. Last modified March 2019. https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/jaysh-al-islam

11. “Syrian Brotherhood not seeking to form alliance with Ahrar Al-Sham”, Middle East Monitor, August 26, 2015, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20150826-syrian-brotherhood-not- seeking-to-form-alliance-with-ahrar-al-sham/

12. Mapping Militant Organizations. “Ahrar al-Sham.” Stanford University. Last modified March 2022. https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/ahrar-al-sham

13. Aaron Y. Zelin, “Huras al-Din: The Overlooked al-Qaeda Group in Syria”, Washington Institute, Sep 24, 2019, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/huras-al-din-overlooked- al-qaeda-group-syria

14. Khaled al-Khateb, “Is Al-Qaeda affiliate expanding attacks beyond Syrian town of Idlib?” Al-Monitor, January 11, 2021, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/01/syria-hurras-al-din-idlib- raqqa-attack-islamic-state.html#ixzz7kWGk3qkJ

15. Harun al-Aswad, “Syrian Free Police disband following HTS militant takeover in Idlib”, Middle East Eye, 16 January 2019, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-free-police-disband- following-hts-militant-takeover-idlib