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NEMIS TILIDAGI HABEN FE’LINING PROTO-HIND-YEVROPA ILDIZLARI VA DIAXRONIK RIVOJLANISHI: KONKRET JISMONIY HARAKATDAN GRAMMATIK YORDAMCHI FE’LGA O‘TISH JARAYONI

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MAQOLA ANNOTATSIYASI

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Nemischa haben fe’li german tillarining diaxronik tahlilida markaziy o‘rin tutadi va leksik birliklarning semantik kengayish, morfologik qayta tuzilish hamda grammatikallashtirish jarayonlari orqali qanday rivojlanishini ko‘rsatuvchi muhim misol hisoblanadi. U dastlab “ushlamoq, egallamoq, o‘zlashtirmoq” ma’nolarini bildirgan Proto-Hind-Yevropa ildizi keh₂p- dan kelib chiqqan. Proto-german davrida bu ildiz statik shakllar (haben-) va faktiv shakllar (habjan- / hafjan) sifatida rivojlanib, fe’l tizimida aspektual va valentlik farqlarining ilk shakllanishini aks ettirgan. Ushbu shakllar keyinchalik hozirgi nemischa haben fe’liga asos bo‘lgan bo‘lib, uning semantik va grammatik moslashuvchanligi uni til tizimining markaziy elementi darajasiga ko‘targan.Vaqt o‘tishi bilan haben fe’li semantik o‘zgarishni boshdan kechirdi u dastlabki aniq egalik yoki ushlash harakatidan mavhum egalik va majburiyat ifodalariga o‘tdi. Bu jarayon ko‘plab tillarda kuzatiladigan umumiy tipologik hodisadir, ya’ni egalik bildiruvchi fe’llar yordamchi fe’llarga aylanib, perfekt zamon shakllarini ifodalay boshlaydi. O‘rta yuqori nemis davriga kelib, haben murakkab zamonlarda sein (“bo‘lmoq”) bilan bir qatorda yordamchi fe’l sifatida to‘liq shakllangan edi; u tranzitiv va intranzitiv fe’llarni perfekt va pluperfekt tuzilmalarda farqlashda ishlatilgan. Gotcha, qadimgi islandcha, qadimgi inglizcha, qadimgi frizcha, qadimgi sakscha, gollandcha va qadimgi yuqori nemischa manbalar bilan taqqoslash habenning proto-german merosi va dialektal yangiliklarini yoritadi. Masalan, gotcha habais va qadimgi inglizcha hæbbe dastlab “ega bo‘lmoq” ma’nosini saqlagan, biroq ularning yordamchi fe’l sifatidagi ishlatilishi keyinchalik asta-sekin shakllangan. Bu grammatikallashtirish jarayoni tarixiy tildagi sintaksis, semantika va morfologiya o‘zaro ta’sirining murakkab dinamikasini namoyon etadi. Bundan tashqari, keh₂p- ildizining so‘z yasovchi kuchi faqat fe’llar bilan cheklanmaydi. Masalan, inglizcha haven (“bandargoh”), nemischa Hafen (“port”) va qadimgi irlandcha cuan (“qo‘ltiq”) kabi ot shakllari butun hind-yevropa tillarida “egalik” va “makon” ma’nolari o‘rtasidagi semantik uzluksizlikni ko‘rsatadi. Bu birliklar fizik egalik, joyni egallash va grammatik egalik o‘rtasidagi tushunchaviy bog‘liqlikni ta’kidlaydi.

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Teglar

# Haben# habjan# hafjan# habban: semantic evolution# class 3 weak verbs# historical morphology and Proto-# habban# semantik evolyutsiya# 3-sinf sust fe’llar# tarixiy morfologiya# proto-hind-yevropa ildizi keh₂p# семантическая эволюция# слабые глаголы III класса# историческая морфология# праиндоевропейский корень keh₂p

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Maqola idintifikatorlari

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