In the review article, information is given on the preparation of polyelectrolytes and swelling polymer hydrogels in different predetermined properties. Analyzes of domestic and foreign literatures are presented. The special attention of researchers is given to the rare-cross-linked polyelectrolytes, the so-called superabsorbersorbents or hydrogels. Due to a complex of varied unique properties, superabsorbents have found the widest application in the world market in medicine, industry, agriculture, in solving water and environmental problems.