EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF A MOBILE PHOTOVOLTAIC-THERMAL DEVICE

Alqarni, M. M., Mahmoud, E.E., Algehyne, E. A., El-Refaey, A. M., El-Shorbagy, M. A., & Ibrahim, M. (2021). Improvement of the thermal and hydraulic performance of parabolic trough collectors using hybrid nano�luids and novel turbulators with holes and ribs. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, 101480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101480

Al-Waeli, A. H. A., Sopian, K., Kazem, H. A., & Chaichan, M. T. (2023). Design configuration and operational parameters of bi-�luid PVT collectors: An updated review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 81474–81492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25321-0

Bassam, A.M., Sopian, K., Ibrahim, A., Faizal, M., Al-aasam, A. B., & Yahay, G. (2023). Case studies in thermal engineering: Experimental analysis for the photovoltaic thermal collector (PVT) with nano PCM and micro-�ins tube nanofluid. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 41, 102579. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102579

Daghigh, R., Ruslan, M. H., & Sopian, K. (2011). Advances in liquid based photovoltaic/ thermal (PV/T) collectors. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 4156–4170. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.028

De Rosa, M., Bianco, N., & Scarpa, F. (2022). Thermal regulation in PV modules using water- cooled back panels. Applied Thermal Engineering, 205, 117941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. applthermaleng.2021.117941

Ewe, W. E., Fudholi, A., Mustapha, M., Solomin, E., Yazdi, M. H., Suyono, T., Asim, N., Nazri, N. S., Rajani, A., Darussalam, R., Susatyo, A., Sudibyo, Martoni, H., Sumarjo, J., Abimanyu, H., & Sopian, K. (2024). Energy-economic-environmental analysis of bifacial photovoltaic thermal (BPVT) solar air collector with jet impingement. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 63, 105257. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102579

Hadorn, J., Lämmle, M., Kramer, K., Munz, G., Ryan, G., Herrando, M., et al. (2020). Design guidelines for PVT collectors. In International Energy Agency (IEA). Task 60 – Application of PVT Collectors in New Solutions for HVAC Systems, SHC Programme. https://doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task60-2020-0003/

Hamada, A., Emam, M., Refaey, H.A., Moawed, M., & Abdelrahman, M. A. (2023). Investigating the performance of a water-based PVT system using encapsulated PCM balls: An experimental study. Energy, 284, 128574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128574/

Hariharan, S., & Rahul, A. (2022). Improving thermal-electric performance in PV/T air systems with advanced materials. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 240, 111675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. solmat.2022.111675

Hooshmandzade, N., Motevali, A., Reza, S., Seyedi, M., & Biparva, P. (2021). Influence of single and hybrid water-based nanofluids on performance of microgrid photovoltaic/thermal system. Applied Energy, 304, 117769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117769

Hussien, A., Eltayesh, A., & El-batsh, H. M. (2023). Experimental and numerical investigation for PV cooling by forced convection. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 64, 427–440. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.09.006

Jiao, C., & Li, Z. (2023). An updated review of solar cooling systems driven by photovoltaic– thermal collectors. Energies, 16(14), 5331.

Krauter, S. (2004). Increased electrical yield via water flow over the front of photovoltaic panels. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 82, 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. solmat.2004.01.011/

Lämmle, M., Hermann, M., Kramer, K., Panzer, C., Piekarczyk, A., Thoma, C., et al. (2018). Development of highly efficient, glazed PVT collectors with overheating protection to increase reliability and enhance energy yields. Solar Energy, 176, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. solener.2018.09.082

Lazzarin, R. M., & Noro, M. (2018). Past, present, future of solar cooling: Technical and economical considerations. Solar Energy, 172, 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.12.055

Li, D., King, M., Dooner, M., Guo, S., & Wang, J. (2021). Study on the cleaning and cooling of solar photovoltaic panels using compressed airflow. Solar Energy, 221, 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. solener.2021.04.050

Mellor, A., Alonso Alvarez, D., Guarracino, I., Ramos, A., Riverola Lacasta, A., Ferre Llin, L., et al. (2018). Roadmap for the next-generation of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar energy collectors. Solar Energy, 174, 386–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.09.004

Mittag, M. (2017). Reliability of TPedge PV modules successfully tested. Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE. https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press-media/press-releases/2017/ reliability-of-tpedge-pv-modules-successfully-tested.html

Montagnino, F. M. (2017). Solar cooling technologies: Design, application and performance of existing projects. Solar Energy, 154, 144–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.033

Pratish, K., & Ahmed, F. (2023). Water-based PV/T systems for thermal management: A case study. Energy Reports, 9, 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.034

Rakhmatov, A. R. (2025). Wind flow and its influence on a mobile solar PV system mounted on trailer in Uzbekistan. In Energy innovations: fundamentals and innovative engineering solutions, International Scientific-Technical Conference, Urganch, 1257–1260.

Rakhmatov, A. R., & Halimov, A. S. (2025). The significance of alternative energy in addressing ecological challenges. In Energy innovations: fundamentals and innovative engineering solutions, International Scientific Conference, Urganch, 1562–1565.

Saavedra, A., Galvis, N.A., Mesa, F., Banguero, E., Castaneda, M., Zapata, S., & Aristizábal, A. J. (2021). Current state of the worldwide renewable energy generation: A review. International Journal of Engineering Applications, 9, 115–127. https://doi.org/10.15866/irea.v9i3.19987

Sadeghi, G., Safarzadeh, H., Bahiraei, M., Ameri, M., & Raziani, M. (2019). Comparative study of air and argon gases between cover and absorber coil in a cylindrical solar water heater: An experimental study. Renewable Energy, 135, 426–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.030

Sahota, L., & Tiwari, G. N. (2017). Review on series connected photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems: Analytical and experimental studies. Solar Energy, 150, 96–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. solener.2017.04.023

Senthilraja, S., Gangadevi, R., Marimuthu, R., & Baskaran, M. (2020). Performance evaluation of water and air based PVT solar collector for hydrogen production application. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45, 7498–7507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.223

Settino, J., Sant, T., Micallef, C., Farrugia, M., Spiteri Staines, C., Licari, J., et al. (2018). Overview of solar technologies for electricity, heating and cooling production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90, 892–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.112/

Sheik, M. S., Kakati, P., Dandotiya, D., U. R. M., & R. C. S. (2022). A comprehensive review on various cooling techniques to decrease an operating temperature of solar photovoltaic panels. Energy Nexus, 8, 100161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100161/

Shoguchkarov, S. Q., & Rakhmatov, A. R. (2025). Energy-efficient integration of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar systems into distributed electricity networks. Problems of Energy and Resource Saving, 88, ISSN (print): 2091-5985, ISSN (online): 2181-1946.

Sultan, S. M., & Ervina Efzan, M. N. (2018). Review on recent Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) technology advances and applications. Solar Energy, 173, 939–954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. solener.2018.08.032

Syakirah, N., Fudholi, A., Solomin, E., Arifin, M., Fadhli, M., Khaidzir, S., Ibrahim, M., Zaini, A., & Nazli, N. (2023). Analytical and experimental study of hybrid photovoltaic–thermal–thermoelectric systems in sustainable energy generation. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 51, 103522.

Taner, T. (2018). Energy and exergy analyze of PEM fuel cell: A case study of modeling and simulations. Energy, 143, 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.102

Tyagi, P. K., & Kumar, R. (2024a). Performance enhancement of nanofluid-based photovoltaic/ thermal system with a novel finned multi-block container of phase change material in the summer season of northern India. Journal of Energy Storage, 90, 111733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. est.2024.111733

Tyagi, P. K., & Kumar, R. (2024b). Thermodynamic modeling and performance optimization of nanofluid-based photovoltaic/thermal system using central composite design scheme of response surface methodology. Renewable Energy, 225, 120341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120341

Ullah, K. R., Saidur, R., Ping, H. W., Akikur, R. K., & Shuvo, N. (2013). A review of solar thermal refrigeration and cooling methods. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 1428–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.011

Upadhyay, B. H., Patel, A. J., Sadasivuni, K. K., Mistry, J. M., Ramana, P. V., Panchal, H., Ponnamma, D., & Essa, F. A. (2021). Design, development and techno economic analysis of novel parabolic trough collector for low-temperature water heating applications. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 26, 100978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.10097

Wajidh, M. N., Yap, C. C., Issa, N. A., Lau, K. S., Tan, S. T., Jumali, M. H. H., Mustapha, M., & Chia, C. H. (2023). Photovoltaic performance improvement of inverted type organic solar cell by co- introducing isopropanol and carbon quantum dots in photoactive layer. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 34(13), 1075.

Wajidh, M. N., Issa, N.A., Lau, K. S., Tan, S. T., Chia, C. H., Mustapha, M., Jumali, M. H. H., & Yap, C. C. (2024). Enhancing indoor photovoltaic performance of inverted type organic solar cell by controlling photoactive layer solution concentration. Sains Malaysiana, 53(10), 3511–3520.

Wang, N., Ni, L. L., Wang, A., Shan, H. S., Jia, H. Z., & Zuo, L. (2022). High-efficiency photovoltaic- thermoelectric hybrid energy harvesting system based on functionally multiplexed intelligent thermal management. Energy Conversion and Management, 272.

Zaini, M. I. A., Mustapha, M., Rosli, N. N., Mutalib, M. A., Nazri, N. S., Sulong, W. M. W., & Fudholi, A. (2024). Effect of thermoelectric cooling system on the performance of photovoltaic-thermal collector: A review. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 14(3), 674–684.

Zhou, J., Zhao, X., Ma, X., Du, Z., Fan, Y., Cheng, Y., et al. (2017). Clear-days operational performance of a hybrid experimental space heating system employing the novel mini-channel solar thermal & PV/T panels and a heat pump. Solar Energy, 155, 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. solener.2017.06.056

Abd-Elhady, M. M., El-Sharkawy, I. I., Hamed, A.M., & Salem, M. S. (2024). Transient mass and heat transport modeling in a multi-tray packed bed solid desiccant dehumidi�ier: A parametric analysis. International Journal of Refrigeration, 157, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijrefrig.2023.10.019/

Abdelrazik, A. S., Al-Sulaiman, F. A., Saidur, R., & Ben-Mansour, R. (2018). A review on recent development for the design and packaging of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 95, 110–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.013/

Abdul-Ganiyu, S., Quansah, D. A., Ramde, E. W., Seidu, R., & Adaramola, M. S. (2021). Study effect of flow rate on flat-plate water-based photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system performance by analytical technique. Journal of Cleaner Production, 321, 128985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2021.128985/

Ahmed, S., & Rahman, M. M. (2023). Hybrid solar systems: A sustainable energy solution for rural electrification. Renewable Energy Reviews, 157, 112498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.112498/