Economic geography during an era of global competition involves a paradox. It is widely recognized that changes in technology and competition have diminished many of the traditional roles of location. Yet clusters, or geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, are a striking feature of virtually every national, regional, state, and even metropolitan economy, especially in more advanced nations. The prevalence of clusters reveals important insights about the microeconomics of competition and the role of location in competitive advantage. Even as old reasons for clustering have diminished in importance with globalization, new influences of clusters on competition have taken on growing importance in an increasingly complex, knowledge-based, and dynamic economy. Clusters represent a new way of thinking about national, state, and local economies, and they necessitate new roles for companies, government, and other institutions in enhancing competitiveness. Resources, capital, technology, and other inputs can be efficiently sourced in global markets.
Global raqobat davrida iqtisodiy geografiya paradoksni o'z ichiga oladi. Texnologiyalar va raqobatdagi o'zgarishlar joylarning ko'plab an'anaviy rollarini kamaytirganligi keng e'tirof etilgan. Shunga qaramay, klasterlar yoki o'zaro bog'liq kompaniyalarning geografik konsentratsiyasi deyarli har bir milliy, mintaqaviy, davlat va hatto metropoliya iqtisodiyotining, ayniqsa rivojlangan mamlakatlarda, ajralib turadi. Klasterlarning tarqalishi raqobatning mikroiqtisodi va raqobatbardosh ustunlikdagi joylashuvning o'rni haqida muhim tushunchalarni ochib beradi. Klasterlashning eski sabablari globallashuv jarayonida muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'lganligi sababli, klasterlarning raqobatga yangi ta'sirlari tobora murakkab, bilimga asoslangan va dinamik iqtisodiyotda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi. Davlat va mahalliy iqtisodiyotlar haqida yangi fikrlash tarzini anglatadi va ular raqobatdoshligini oshirishda kompaniyalar, hukumatlar va boshqa muassasalar uchun yangi rollarni talab qiladi. Resurslar, kapital, texnologiya va boshqa manbalar global bozorlarda samarali manbalarga ega bo'lishi mumkin
Глобальная экономическая конкуренция включает в себя геодезический парадокс. Широко признано, что изменения в технологии и конкуренции привели к сокращению многих традиционных мест в этом районе. Тем не менее, географическая концентрация кластеров или сшитых компаний практически идентична практически в каждой национальной, региональной, государственной и даже столичной экономике, особенно в развитых странах. Распределение кластеров объясняет ключевые понятия микроэкономики и роль конкурентного преимущества в конкуренции. Из-за старых причин кластеризации, которые играли решающую роль в глобализации, влияние кластеров на конкуренцию становилось все более сложным, основанным на знаниях и динамичным в экономике. Это новый способ мышления о государстве и местной экономике, и он требует новых ролей для компаний,правительств и других учреждений для повышения их конкурентоспособности. Ресурсы, капитал, технологии и другие ресурсы могут иметь эффективные ресурсы на мировых рынках.
Economic geography during an era of global competition involves a paradox. It is widely recognized that changes in technology and competition have diminished many of the traditional roles of location. Yet clusters, or geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, are a striking feature of virtually every national, regional, state, and even metropolitan economy, especially in more advanced nations. The prevalence of clusters reveals important insights about the microeconomics of competition and the role of location in competitive advantage. Even as old reasons for clustering have diminished in importance with globalization, new influences of clusters on competition have taken on growing importance in an increasingly complex, knowledge-based, and dynamic economy. Clusters represent a new way of thinking about national, state, and local economies, and they necessitate new roles for companies, government, and other institutions in enhancing competitiveness. Resources, capital, technology, and other inputs can be efficiently sourced in global markets.
| № | Муаллифнинг исми | Лавозими | Ташкилот номи |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Arzuova S.A. | Tashkent University of Information Technology |
| № | Ҳавола номи |
|---|---|
| 1 | For a recent example, see Cairncross (1997) |
| 2 | For a more extensive treatment, see Porter (1998a), which also contains an extensive bibliography on clusters and cluster initiatives. |
| 3 | For company and institutional implications, see Porter (1998a) |
| 4 | Readers can find a full treatment of the intellectual roots of cluster thinking in Porter (1998a) |
| 5 | Enright (1993) illustrates the varying geographic scope of clusters. |
| 6 | Overly restrictive or overly extensive definitions of clusters can obscure the influence of clustering and lead to flawed statistical results. For example, SuarezVilla and Walrod (1997) state, "An establishment located in a cluster was, at most, within one quarter of a mile of the nearest one" (p. 1349). A more appropriate boundary in the field investigated probably is location within the same metropolitan area, so it is not surprising that the authors' statistical tests do not reveal the benefits of clustering |
| 7 | The same issues apply to cities, states, or regions within nations. This discussion will be primarily set at the level of the nation, although internal specialization and trade among states within larger nations prove to he an important determinant of prosperity |