142

In Europe in 1250-1500 special attention was paid to urban planning. The development of trade and growth in a production led to a change in the status of large cities. Handicraft guilds as associations of self-government began to spread as a way to improve the quality of life. Trade guilds were designed to organize trade, production, product quality, and its sale, security, credit, welfare and defense of the city primarily in the interests of traders, as well as other associations. Organized primarily to regulate the economy and labor of the guild, there were also a number of other issues related to values such as associative culture, tradition, community-oriented lifestyles, equality and brotherhood or solidarity within the community. Guilds were seen as a means of establishing courtesy and preventing violence in the city. From this point of view, they have become instruments in the development of civilization. The regular social meetings of the members of the guild, gave members a sense of identity, status, and feelings of participation and belonging to the active community. Craft guilds in the high and late Middle Ages became part of the economic and social urban infrastructure that helped build community and civil society. The French Revolution and Napoleon's arrival in Germany officially ended the guilds, but even after Napoleon in some cities the guilds preserved and continued the work of artisans in the cities. The rise of the craft guilds, the important interactions they encouraged among urban inhabitants, their operation, functions and influence on urban society are the subject of this essay

  • Ссылка в интернете
  • DOI10.26739/2181-9505-2018-1-13
  • Дата создание в систему UzSCI 06-11-2019
  • Количество прочтений 121
  • Дата публикации 01-02-2018
  • Язык статьиIngliz
  • Страницы128-145
English

In Europe in 1250-1500 special attention was paid to urban planning. The development of trade and growth in a production led to a change in the status of large cities. Handicraft guilds as associations of self-government began to spread as a way to improve the quality of life. Trade guilds were designed to organize trade, production, product quality, and its sale, security, credit, welfare and defense of the city primarily in the interests of traders, as well as other associations. Organized primarily to regulate the economy and labor of the guild, there were also a number of other issues related to values such as associative culture, tradition, community-oriented lifestyles, equality and brotherhood or solidarity within the community. Guilds were seen as a means of establishing courtesy and preventing violence in the city. From this point of view, they have become instruments in the development of civilization. The regular social meetings of the members of the guild, gave members a sense of identity, status, and feelings of participation and belonging to the active community. Craft guilds in the high and late Middle Ages became part of the economic and social urban infrastructure that helped build community and civil society. The French Revolution and Napoleon's arrival in Germany officially ended the guilds, but even after Napoleon in some cities the guilds preserved and continued the work of artisans in the cities. The rise of the craft guilds, the important interactions they encouraged among urban inhabitants, their operation, functions and influence on urban society are the subject of this essay

№ Имя автора Должность Наименование организации
1 Rosmarie .M.
№ Название ссылки
1 Augsburger Stadtlexikon, ed. 'G?nther Gr?nsteudel, G?nter H?gele and Rudolf Frankenberger'.(online)
2 Geffcken, Peter. ...Augsburg im Hoch- und Sp?tmittelalter'. Augsburger Stadtlexikon. (online).
3 Barthold, F. W. (2006). 'Vom Ende des grossen Zwischenreichs (1273) bis zum H?hestand der Zunftk?mpfe in Geschichte der deutschen St?dte und des deutschen B?rgertums, III.' Leipzig 1859. repub. Elibron Classics.
4 Beitr?ge zur ?lteren Zunftgeschchte der Stadt Strassburg bis 1332: Das Zunftwesen in Strassburg bis zur Verfassungs?nderung von 1332. online
5 Black, Antony. (1992). 'Political Thought in Europe: 1250-1450'. Cambridge. pp.67
6 Blickle, Peter. (1988). 'Unruhen in der st?ndischen Gesellschaft 1300-1800 (Enzyklop?die deutsche Geschichte', I) M?nchen: Oldenbourg, pp. 7-12.
7 Blickle, Peter. (1991). ed. ...'Landgemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Mitteleuropa: ein struktureller Vergleich'. M?nchen: Oldenbourg, pp. 90-105
8 Bouckaert, Boudewijn R.A. (2007). 'The Roots of our Liberties: On the Rise of Civil Society in the Medieval West'," New Perspectives on Political Economy, III, ii, (), pp. 139-184.
9 Bosl, Karl. (1973). 'Stadt, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft des Mittelalters' (in Gebhardt, Handbuch deutscher Geschichte VII. M?nchen. -pp. 78-89
10 Burckardt, Paul. (1896). ...Die Politik der Stadt Basel im Bauernkrieg von 1525'. Basel: pp. 234-246.
11 Dilcher, Gerhard. (1985). Die genossenschaftliche Struktur von Gilden und Z?nften,'in Konstanzer Arbeitskreis f?r mittelalterliche Geschichte. Vortrage und Forschungen, vol. 29. online.
12 Dirlmeier, Ulf and Bernd Fuhrmann, Die Stadt: ihre Rolle in der europ?ischen Geschichte. St?dte Entwicklung und Stadtgesellschaft im Mittelater," Universal Lexikon. online
13 Engel, Eva Maria. (1993). Die deutsche Stadt im Mittelalter. M?nchen
14 Ennen, Edith. (1979). Die europ?ische Stadt im Mittelalter. Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, 1972, Tr. Natalie Frye, The Medieval Town: an European Perspective, in Europe in the Middle Ages. Selected studies vol XV. Amsterdam /New York
15 Gerteis, Klaus. (1986). Die deutschen St?dte in der fr?hen Neuzeit. Zur Vorgeschichte der b?rgerlichen Welt. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
16 Green, David P. (1993). Reinventing Civil Society. The Rediscovery of Welfare without Politics.IEA Choice-Welfare Series. London : pp. 17.
17 Grimm, Jakob und Wilhelm. (1993). Deutsches W?rterbuch, VII. Stuttgart und Leipzig, sp. 1118-1120. "Einung".pp 345.
18 Haase, Carl. (1978). Die Stadt des Mittelalters: Begriff, Enstehung, Ausbreitung. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. vol. I.
19 Haupt, Heinz Gerhard. (2002). Das Ende der Z?nfte: ein europ?ischer Vergleich.in Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft, 151. G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, pp.56-67/
20 Hegel, Karl, ed. (1870). Die Chroniken der oberrheinischen St?dte, VIII-IX. Leipzig: Salomo Hirzel,; (repr. Vol 8-9 G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1961) contains Jakob Twinger von K?nigshofen?s Chronik of the city of Strassburg. See Karl Gustav Theodor Schr?der. Die Chroniken der oberrheinischen Stadte vom 14. bis ins 16. Jahrhundert. Teilband 1).
21 Isenmann, Eberhard. (2012). Die deutsche Stadt im Mittelalter 1150-1500. Stadtgestalt, Recht Verfassung, Stadtregiment, Kirche, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft. Wien: B?hlau,
22 Isenmann, Eberhard. (1991) "St?dtische Gemeinde im oberdeutsch-schweizerischen Raum (1300- 1800)," Historische Zeitschrift. Beihefte N.S.. XIII, 191-261. (Landgemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Europa: ein struktureller Vergleich):
23 Maschke, Erich. (1980). "St?dte und Menschen". Beitr?ge zur Geschichte der Stadt, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Wiesbaden.
24 Nipperdey, Thomas. (1983). Deutsche Geschichte 1800-1866 B?rgerwelt und starker Staat. M?nchen: Beck, II.CHAP:6 "Handwerk" pp. 210-218.
25 Pirenne, Henry. (1925). Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade. Princeton
26 Ranft, Andreas. (1994). Adelsgesellschaft Gruppenbildung und Genossenschaft im sp?tmittelalterlichen Reich. Kieler historische Studien, vol 38. Thorbecke. Rosen, Wolfgang and Lars Wirtler (eds.) (1999).
27 Salzer, Juliane and J?rgen Sarnowsky, (2004/5). Zunftrecht im sp?tmitelalterlichen Hamburg. Propagierte Wertvorstellungen und vertretene Interessen. Hamburg:
28 Schilling, Heinz. (1988). Aufbruch und Krise: Deutschland 1517-1648. Gie?en.
29 Schmieder, Felicitas. (2005). Die mittelalterliche Stadt. Darmstadt: Schm?ckel, Matthias. (2008). Rechtsgeschichte der Wirtschaft. Tubingen: Mohr.
30 Schulz, Knut. (2010) Handwerk, Zunfte und Gewerbe im Mittelalter und der Renaissance. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft:
31 Von Gierke, Otto. (1868). 'Das deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht'. I.Graz: Akademischer Druck und Verlag.pp.67-89.
32 Von Heusinger, Sabine. (2013). 'Die Zunft im Mittelalter: Zur Verflechtung von Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Stra?burg. Vierteljahreschrift fur Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte', Beiheft repub. Franz Steiner Verlag. p.104-123
33 Weber, Max. (1972).'Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie ed.. J. Winckelmann, 5th ed. T?bingen'. Mohr Siebeck, .pp. 26, 736, 788ff.
В ожидании