Hanji is Korean traditional paper. It was called «Gyerimji» and «Goryeoji» during the period of Silla and Goryeo kingdom, respectively, which are two of the former Korean nations. Many records have been passed down regarding the superior quality of Hanji in Chinese documents. Based on the development of Hanji, Korea’s publishing culture flourished, allowing the country to produce both the world’s oldest woodblock print and the oldest metal type print. Of the 18 Memory of the World Korea possesses, 11 are books or documents made from Hanji, and two are woodblocks used for printing books. Recently, Hanji was used in Italy to restore Leonardo da Vinci’s writings. Additionally, Hanji has been used as a material to make various everyday items. Korea was able to develop paper manufacturing and a publishing culture from ancient times due to the national management of the cultivation of Daknamu (Broussonetia kazinoki) trees, the raw material for Hanji, ensuring a continuous supply. After Joseon dynasty, which is one of the former Korean nations, the government established an institution to oversee the production of Hanji, making its supply and demand more systematic. The process of making Hanji involves several steps, including harvesting Daknamu shoots, steaming for peeling, scrapping the outer bark to leave white bark (Baekpi), boiling Baekpi, refining Baekpi, and sheet-forming. There are two types of sheet-forming: one using a tool equipped with a deckle and the other using a tool without a deckle. The latter is called Heulimtteugi which is unique to Korea. Hanji made using Heulimtteugi technique is highly durable and dimensionally stable.
Hanji is Korean traditional paper. It was called «Gyerimji» and «Goryeoji» during the period of Silla and Goryeo kingdom, respectively, which are two of the former Korean nations. Many records have been passed down regarding the superior quality of Hanji in Chinese documents. Based on the development of Hanji, Korea’s publishing culture flourished, allowing the country to produce both the world’s oldest woodblock print and the oldest metal type print. Of the 18 Memory of the World Korea possesses, 11 are books or documents made from Hanji, and two are woodblocks used for printing books. Recently, Hanji was used in Italy to restore Leonardo da Vinci’s writings. Additionally, Hanji has been used as a material to make various everyday items. Korea was able to develop paper manufacturing and a publishing culture from ancient times due to the national management of the cultivation of Daknamu (Broussonetia kazinoki) trees, the raw material for Hanji, ensuring a continuous supply. After Joseon dynasty, which is one of the former Korean nations, the government established an institution to oversee the production of Hanji, making its supply and demand more systematic. The process of making Hanji involves several steps, including harvesting Daknamu shoots, steaming for peeling, scrapping the outer bark to leave white bark (Baekpi), boiling Baekpi, refining Baekpi, and sheet-forming. There are two types of sheet-forming: one using a tool equipped with a deckle and the other using a tool without a deckle. The latter is called Heulimtteugi which is unique to Korea. Hanji made using Heulimtteugi technique is highly durable and dimensionally stable.
Ханджи — это корейская традиционная бумага. Она называлась «Gyerimji» и «Goryeoji» в период правления королевств Силла и Корё, которые являлись двумя бывшими корейскими странами. На основе развития производства ханджи, корейская издательская культура процветала, что позволило стране производить как старейшую в мире ксилографию, так и старейшую металлическую печать. Из 18 номинаций Памяти мира, которыми владеет Корея, 11 — это книги или документы, изготовленные из ханджи и два — это ксилографии, используемые для печати книг. Недавно ханджи использовали в Италии для реставрации произведений Леонардо да Винчи. Кроме того, ханджи использовали в качестве материала для изготовления различных повседневных предметов. Корея смогла развить производство бумаги и издательскую культуру с древних времен благодаря Национальному управлению по выращиванию деревьев дакнаму (Broussonetia kazinoki), сырья для ханджи, что обеспечивало непрерывные поставки. После правления династии Чосон, правительство создало институт для надзора за производством ханджи, сделав его предложение и спрос более систематизированными.
| № | Muallifning F.I.Sh. | Lavozimi | Tashkilot nomi |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lee O.. | Former Senior Research Official, Ph. D | National Institute of Forest Science, Republic of Korea |
| № | Havola nomi |
|---|---|
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| 2 | 2.Lee, O.K. (2021). Origin of Hanji and the specialties in Hanji-making techniques. |
| 3 | 3.Lee, O.-K., KIM, S., and Lee, H. W. (2023). Evolution of the Hanji-making technology, from ancient times to the present. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 51(6):509-525. |
| 4 | 4.Lee, O.-K., KIM, S., and Lee, H. W. (2024). Studies on the Traditional Hanji Made using A Papermaking Device Equipped with Deckle. Journal of Korea TAPPI. Submitted. |
| 5 | 5.Lee, O.K., Lee, K.T., Lee, H.W., Rho, J.G., Jo, H.J., and Nam, K.H. (2021). A Story of Forgotten Hanji, Park, H.(Ed.), National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, Korea, p.49 |
| 6 | 6.Lucilla, N. (2021). Presentation of ‘La carta tradizionale Hanji e la sua applicazione nel restrauro’. In: Jeonju, Korea, Proceedings of International Symposium on Jeonju Hanji. |
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| 8 | 8.Poggi, N. (2016). Conservation of the globe papa Giovanni XXIII. In: Kim, S.G., Ahn, J.Y., Lee, K.M., Shin, H.Y., and Son, M.K. (eds), Daejeon, Korea, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hanji in Italy and Korea, pp. 79-104. |
| 9 | 9.Xing, P. (2002). History of paper-making in China, Cho, B.-M.(Trans.), Gwang-il Press, Seoul, Korea, p.73. 323 |