STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN SYNTHESIZED BY THE CRYOGENIC METHOD FROM APIS MELLIFERA BEES

Isimotdinova  Dilnoza  Sohibovna; Ikhtiyarova  Gulnora   Akmalovna; Sharopov Jahongir  Mustaqim ogli

Chitosan was synthesized from Apis Mellifera dead bees by traditional and cryogenic
methods, and the degree of deacetylation, viscosity, and molecular mass of the synthesized sample
was studied. Chitosan was synthesized by deacetylation of chitin under cryogenic conditions. NaOH
concentration 40%, temperature 90 ± 3 °C, time 120 min. The degree of deacetylation, and molecular
mass was determined using an Ubbelode viscometer. DDA was determined by conductometric
titration under standard conditions. The degree of deacetylation of Apis Mellifera chitosan was 87%.
synthesized by cryogenic method DDA of chitosan was 83% synthesized by traditional method.
Conducting the synthesis in liquid nitrogen atmosphere leads to a certain decrease in the molecular
mass of chitosan. This research aims to study the important parameters of chitosan molecule such as
deacetylation level, viscosity and molecular mass.

Jurnal nomiTechnical science and innovation
Nashr soni2024№3
Ko'rishlar soni 23

Internet havola

DOI

UzSCI tizimida yaratilgan sana 12-11-2024

O'qishlar soni 23

Nashr sanasi 08-11-2024

Asosiy tilIngliz

Sahifalar12-16

Kalit so'z

viscosity

chitosan

chitin

cryogenic method

liquid nitrogen

degree of deacetylation

English

Chitosan was synthesized from Apis Mellifera dead bees by traditional and cryogenic
methods, and the degree of deacetylation, viscosity, and molecular mass of the synthesized sample
was studied. Chitosan was synthesized by deacetylation of chitin under cryogenic conditions. NaOH
concentration 40%, temperature 90 ± 3 °C, time 120 min. The degree of deacetylation, and molecular
mass was determined using an Ubbelode viscometer. DDA was determined by conductometric
titration under standard conditions. The degree of deacetylation of Apis Mellifera chitosan was 87%.
synthesized by cryogenic method DDA of chitosan was 83% synthesized by traditional method.
Conducting the synthesis in liquid nitrogen atmosphere leads to a certain decrease in the molecular
mass of chitosan. This research aims to study the important parameters of chitosan molecule such as
deacetylation level, viscosity and molecular mass.

Kalit so'z

viscosity

chitosan

chitin

cryogenic method

liquid nitrogen

degree of deacetylation

№ Muallifning F.I.Sh. Lavozimi Tashkilot nomi

1 Isimotdinova . . PhD student Tashkent State Technical University

2 Ikhtiyarova G. . Professor, DSc Tashkent State Technical University

3 Sharopov J. . Research assistant Tashkent State Technical University

№ Havola nomi

1 1. Vafa Amirkia, Michael Heinrich, Natural products and drug discovery: a survey of stakeholders in industry and academia// | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00237, 26 October 2015 2. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Kurbonova F.N. Production of carboxymethyl chitosan based on bee podmore and determination of the degree of deacetylation by conductometric titration. NamSU Scientific Bulletin. 2021. No. 11, – P. 94-98 (in Russian)

2 3. Tsigos, I., Martinou A., Kafetzopoulos D., Bouriotis, V., Chitin deacetylases: new, versatile tools in biotechnology.Trends in Biotechnology 18, 2000. – P. 305- 312. 4. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Mengliev A.S., // Determination of the physicochemical properties of chitosan obtained from Apis mellifera // Composite Materials Scientific, Technical, and Practical Journal, No. 2/2023, – P. 3-4 (in Russian). 5. Yadav M., Goswami P., Paritosh K., Kumar M., Pareek N., Vivekanand V., Seafood waste: A source for preparation of commercially employable chitin/chitosan materials, Bioresources Bioprocess. 6 (1) (2019) 8. 6. Philibert T., Lee B.H., Fabien N., Current status and new perspectives on chitin and chitosan as functional biopolymers, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 181(4) (2017) – P. 1314 – 1337. 7. Barik M., Bhagya Raj G.V.S., Kumar Dash K., Shams R. A thorough evaluation of chitosan-based packaging film and coating for food product shelf-life extension. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 16 (2024) 101164. doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101164 8. Ikhtiyarova G. A., Turabdjanov S.M., et all Physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan from died honey bees Apis Mellifera of Uzbekistan. Journal of Critical Reviews. Vol 7., Issue 4, -2020. – P. 120-124.

3 9. Novikov V.Yu., Konovalova I.N., Dolgopyatova N.V. Chemical Fundamentals of the Technology for Obtaining Chitin and Its Derivatives from the Shell of Crustaceans.* St. Petersburg: GIORD. 2012. – P. 208 (translated from Russian). 10. Rahmadhani D., Zulkifli., Dwi Yuliani K., Frida E.// Hydrophobic and antibacterial properties of textiles using nanocomposite chitosan and SiO2 from rice husk ash as-coating. South African J. of Chemical Engineering V. 48 2024 P. 366-374 doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2024.03.010 11. Phoenix M., Gorrasi S. (2021) Advances in Chitin and Chitosan Science. Molecules 26: 1805.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061805 12. Ding B., Gao H., Song J., Li Y., Zhang L., Cao X., Xu M., Cai J. Tough and Cell-Compatible Chitosan Physical Hydrogels for Mouse Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 19739–19746, doi:10.1021/acsami.6b05302

4 13. Pillai C.K.S., Paul W., Sharma C.P. Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 04.001. 34, – P. 641– 678, doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci. 14. Ikhtiyarova G. A., Kurbonova F.N., Khojiev D.Y.//“Creation of a new model of burns in rats with the determination of their degree and use of Apis Mellifera carboxymethyl chitosan”//Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences № 5–6 2022 May– June, P.13-17. 15. Kim Tae-Hee, Hu-Lin Jiang, Jere D., In-Kyu Park, Myung-Haing Cho, Jae-Woon Nah, Yun-Jaie Choi, Akaike T., Chong-Su Cho. (2007) Chemical modification of chitosan as a gene carrier in vitro and in vivo. Prog. Polym. Sci. 32 – P. 726–753. 16.Bernkop-Schnurch A., Dunnhaupt S. Chitosanbased drug delivery systems. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2012. 81, – P. 463–469, doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.007. 17. Liu Y., Yuan Y., Duan S., Li C., Hu B., Liu A., Wu D., Cui H., Lin L., He J., Wu W. Preparation and characterization of chitosan films with three kinds of

5 molecular weight for food packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020. V. 155. – P. 249-259. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.217. 18. Zhong Y., Zhuang C., Gu W., Zhao Y. Effect of molecular weight on the properties of chitosan films prepared using electrostatic spraying technique. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019. V. 212. – P. 197-205. 19. Rezaei F. S., Sharifianjazi F., Esmaeilkhanian A., Salehi E. Chitosan films and scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021. V. 273. – P. 118631. 20. Lebedeva O.A., Sedelkin V.M., Potehina L.N. Technology for producing and characterizing chitosan nanofiltration membranes. Izvestiya of Higher Educational Institutions. Chemistry and Chemical Technology. 2022. Vol. 65. No. 1. – P. 58-65. (in Russian) 21. Chang S.-H., Wu C.-H., Tsai G.-J. Effects of chitosan molecular weight on its antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018. V. 181. – P. 1026-1032. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.047.

6 22. Minagawa T., Okamura Y., Shigemasa Y., Minami S., Okamoto Y. Effects of molecular weight and deacetylation degree of chitin/chitosan on wound healing. Carbohydr. Polym. 2007. V. 67. N 4. – P. 640-644. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.07.007. 23. Milusheva R.Yu., Rashidova S.Sh. Chitin, Chitosan from Bombyx mori and Nanosystems Based on Them // Fan. − 2016. –P. 54-55. (in Russian) 24. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Hazratova D.A., Umarov B.N., Seytnazarova O.M. Extraction of chitosan from died honey bee Apis mellifera. International scientific and technical journal chemical technology control and management. -Vol. 2020:Iss.2, Article 3. –P. 15-20. 25. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Kuchkorova D.U. Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan from Apis mellifera Bee Subspecies // "Modern Problems of Polymer Science," All-Russian Conference with International Participation, November 13–17, 2023, St. Petersburg, Russia. – P. 416 (in Russian)

7 26. Ixtiyarova G.A.,. Khaydarova H.A, Khaydarov A.A.//Method of obtaining a chitosan aminopolysaccharide from beat Apis Mellifera. //Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan/2019 27. Here is the translation of the article title and details into English: 28. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Kholto’rayeva N.R, Turabjanov S.M., Aliyeva M.T. Bactericidal Properties of the Chitosan-Silver Complex Extracted from Bees // Journal of Scientific and Technical Progress in Science and Technology. No. 5. – P. 44-48. ISSN 2181-8193. (in Uzbek) 28. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Mamatova Sh.B., Temirov F.F., Kholturaeva N.R. // Synthesis of a Chitosan-Silver Complex from Bee Submora and the Study of Their Physicochemical Properties. Scientific Bulletin of NSU, 2022, Issue 3, pp. 67-73. (in Russian) 29. Ikhtiyarova G.А., Isomitdinova D.S., Saidov J.E.// Chitosan from the death of bees Apis mellifera and complex with silver ions for obtaining antibacterial biofilms// Proceeding X International Conference «Industrial Technologies and Engineering» ICITE – 2023, Volume M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University Shymkent, Kazakhstan November 18, 2023. – P. 110-113.

Kutilmoqda

№	Muallifning F.I.Sh.	Lavozimi	Tashkilot nomi
1	Isimotdinova . .	PhD student	Tashkent State Technical University
2	Ikhtiyarova G. .	Professor, DSc	Tashkent State Technical University
3	Sharopov J. .	Research assistant	Tashkent State Technical University

№	Havola nomi
1	1. Vafa Amirkia, Michael Heinrich, Natural products and drug discovery: a survey of stakeholders in industry and academia// \| https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00237, 26 October 2015 2. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Kurbonova F.N. Production of carboxymethyl chitosan based on bee podmore and determination of the degree of deacetylation by conductometric titration. NamSU Scientific Bulletin. 2021. No. 11, – P. 94-98 (in Russian)
2	3. Tsigos, I., Martinou A., Kafetzopoulos D., Bouriotis, V., Chitin deacetylases: new, versatile tools in biotechnology.Trends in Biotechnology 18, 2000. – P. 305- 312. 4. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Mengliev A.S., // Determination of the physicochemical properties of chitosan obtained from Apis mellifera // Composite Materials Scientific, Technical, and Practical Journal, No. 2/2023, – P. 3-4 (in Russian). 5. Yadav M., Goswami P., Paritosh K., Kumar M., Pareek N., Vivekanand V., Seafood waste: A source for preparation of commercially employable chitin/chitosan materials, Bioresources Bioprocess. 6 (1) (2019) 8. 6. Philibert T., Lee B.H., Fabien N., Current status and new perspectives on chitin and chitosan as functional biopolymers, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 181(4) (2017) – P. 1314 – 1337. 7. Barik M., Bhagya Raj G.V.S., Kumar Dash K., Shams R. A thorough evaluation of chitosan-based packaging film and coating for food product shelf-life extension. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 16 (2024) 101164. doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101164 8. Ikhtiyarova G. A., Turabdjanov S.M., et all Physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan from died honey bees Apis Mellifera of Uzbekistan. Journal of Critical Reviews. Vol 7., Issue 4, -2020. – P. 120-124.
3	9. Novikov V.Yu., Konovalova I.N., Dolgopyatova N.V. Chemical Fundamentals of the Technology for Obtaining Chitin and Its Derivatives from the Shell of Crustaceans.* St. Petersburg: GIORD. 2012. – P. 208 (translated from Russian). 10. Rahmadhani D., Zulkifli., Dwi Yuliani K., Frida E.// Hydrophobic and antibacterial properties of textiles using nanocomposite chitosan and SiO2 from rice husk ash as-coating. South African J. of Chemical Engineering V. 48 2024 P. 366-374 doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2024.03.010 11. Phoenix M., Gorrasi S. (2021) Advances in Chitin and Chitosan Science. Molecules 26: 1805.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061805 12. Ding B., Gao H., Song J., Li Y., Zhang L., Cao X., Xu M., Cai J. Tough and Cell-Compatible Chitosan Physical Hydrogels for Mouse Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 19739–19746, doi:10.1021/acsami.6b05302
4	13. Pillai C.K.S., Paul W., Sharma C.P. Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 04.001. 34, – P. 641– 678, doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci. 14. Ikhtiyarova G. A., Kurbonova F.N., Khojiev D.Y.//“Creation of a new model of burns in rats with the determination of their degree and use of Apis Mellifera carboxymethyl chitosan”//Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences № 5–6 2022 May– June, P.13-17. 15. Kim Tae-Hee, Hu-Lin Jiang, Jere D., In-Kyu Park, Myung-Haing Cho, Jae-Woon Nah, Yun-Jaie Choi, Akaike T., Chong-Su Cho. (2007) Chemical modification of chitosan as a gene carrier in vitro and in vivo. Prog. Polym. Sci. 32 – P. 726–753. 16.Bernkop-Schnurch A., Dunnhaupt S. Chitosanbased drug delivery systems. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2012. 81, – P. 463–469, doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.007. 17. Liu Y., Yuan Y., Duan S., Li C., Hu B., Liu A., Wu D., Cui H., Lin L., He J., Wu W. Preparation and characterization of chitosan films with three kinds of
5	molecular weight for food packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020. V. 155. – P. 249-259. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.217. 18. Zhong Y., Zhuang C., Gu W., Zhao Y. Effect of molecular weight on the properties of chitosan films prepared using electrostatic spraying technique. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019. V. 212. – P. 197-205. 19. Rezaei F. S., Sharifianjazi F., Esmaeilkhanian A., Salehi E. Chitosan films and scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021. V. 273. – P. 118631. 20. Lebedeva O.A., Sedelkin V.M., Potehina L.N. Technology for producing and characterizing chitosan nanofiltration membranes. Izvestiya of Higher Educational Institutions. Chemistry and Chemical Technology. 2022. Vol. 65. No. 1. – P. 58-65. (in Russian) 21. Chang S.-H., Wu C.-H., Tsai G.-J. Effects of chitosan molecular weight on its antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018. V. 181. – P. 1026-1032. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.047.
6	22. Minagawa T., Okamura Y., Shigemasa Y., Minami S., Okamoto Y. Effects of molecular weight and deacetylation degree of chitin/chitosan on wound healing. Carbohydr. Polym. 2007. V. 67. N 4. – P. 640-644. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.07.007. 23. Milusheva R.Yu., Rashidova S.Sh. Chitin, Chitosan from Bombyx mori and Nanosystems Based on Them // Fan. − 2016. –P. 54-55. (in Russian) 24. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Hazratova D.A., Umarov B.N., Seytnazarova O.M. Extraction of chitosan from died honey bee Apis mellifera. International scientific and technical journal chemical technology control and management. -Vol. 2020:Iss.2, Article 3. –P. 15-20. 25. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Kuchkorova D.U. Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan from Apis mellifera Bee Subspecies // "Modern Problems of Polymer Science," All-Russian Conference with International Participation, November 13–17, 2023, St. Petersburg, Russia. – P. 416 (in Russian)
7	26. Ixtiyarova G.A.,. Khaydarova H.A, Khaydarov A.A.//Method of obtaining a chitosan aminopolysaccharide from beat Apis Mellifera. //Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan/2019 27. Here is the translation of the article title and details into English: 28. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Kholto’rayeva N.R, Turabjanov S.M., Aliyeva M.T. Bactericidal Properties of the Chitosan-Silver Complex Extracted from Bees // Journal of Scientific and Technical Progress in Science and Technology. No. 5. – P. 44-48. ISSN 2181-8193. (in Uzbek) 28. Ikhtiyarova G.A., Mamatova Sh.B., Temirov F.F., Kholturaeva N.R. // Synthesis of a Chitosan-Silver Complex from Bee Submora and the Study of Their Physicochemical Properties. Scientific Bulletin of NSU, 2022, Issue 3, pp. 67-73. (in Russian) 29. Ikhtiyarova G.А., Isomitdinova D.S., Saidov J.E.// Chitosan from the death of bees Apis mellifera and complex with silver ions for obtaining antibacterial biofilms// Proceeding X International Conference «Industrial Technologies and Engineering» ICITE – 2023, Volume M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University Shymkent, Kazakhstan November 18, 2023. – P. 110-113.