Comparison of the ethical concepts of Abdurahman Sayyah Toshkandiy and Abdulla Avloni: a socio-philosophical and comparative analysis

This article provides a comparative and socio-philosophical analysis of the ethical concepts developed by two prominent representatives of the early 20th-century Turkestan Jadid enlightenment movement: Abdurahman Sayyah Toshkandiy and Abdulla Avloni. By exploring the theoretical and methodological roots of Jadidism and its horizontal and vertical links with Eastern philosophical heritage, the paper investigates how these thinkers sought to balance traditional Islamic morality with modernist social transformations. Special attention is given to Toshkandiy’s lithographed work “Me’yor ul-axloq” (“The Criterion of Morals”) – translated from Persian – and Avloni’s textbook “Turkiy guliston yoxud axloq” (“The Turkish Gulistan or Morals”). The article examines their structural approaches to human virtues, vices, and the levels of the soul (nafs). It underscores the contemporary relevance of their ideas in fostering spiritual resistance against global threats and building the moral foundations of the Third Renaissance in New Uzbekistan.